Posted 27 August 2007 - 04:53 PM
laTinuri amerika mdebareobs dasavleT naxevarsferoSi da vrceldeba aSS-s samxreT sazRvrebidan antarqtidamde termini “laTinuri” asaxavs romanuli enebis saerTo laTinur safuZvels.vinaidan samxreT amerikelTa umravlesoba laTinurze dafuZnebul enebze –espanursa da portugaliurze laparakobs, es enebi aq evropelma dampyroblebma moitanes. laTinuri amerikis kontinenti 33 saxelmwifosagan da 13 damokidebuli teritoriisagan Sedgeba, romlebic sxvadasxva kulturisa da religiis xalxebiT aris warmodgenili.
samxreT amerikel xalxTa warmoSoba metad mravalferovania , saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi aq modiodnen evropidan ,afrikidan da aziidan da ereodnen mkvidr amerikelebs romlebic aq aTaswleulebis manZilze cxovrobdnen, zogierTi mecnieri fiqrobs rom pirveli samxreTamerikelebi aziidan movidnen, SesaZloa maT CrdiloeTSi mdebare xmeleTis viwro zoli gaiares romelic erT dros dRevandel ruseTsa da alaskas akavSirebdaT.
adreuli amerikis xalxebi mTeli msofliosagan izolaciaSi imyofebidnen ris gamoc maT SedarbiT nakleb teqnologiur progress miaRwies, Tumca am xalxebma Seqmnes udidesi civilizaciebi da qalaqebi, romlebic ganTqmulni iyvnen warmatebuli xelovnebiTa da mecnierebiT.
ukanaskneli gamyinvarebis periodis dros , rodesac dedamiwis wyali gayinuli iyo, zRvebisa da okeaneebis done dabali iyo da cimbirsa da alaskas Soris sazRvari Canda,pirveli adamianebi vinc gadakveTes aRniSnuli saxmeleTo xidi savaraudod iyvnen monadireebi romlebic nadiris devnaSi moxvdene axal miwaze, Semdgomi aTasobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi xalxma nel-nela aiTvisa mTeli kontinenti da miaRwia mis ukidures samxreT wertils- tierra del fuegos, es moxda daaxloebiT Zv.w. 9000 wels, aTasi wlis Semdeg yniuli gadna da xmeleTi cimbirsa da alaskas Soris wyalma dafara, am droidan gaCnda beringis srute romelic dResac yofs aziisa da amerikis kontinentebs, am dabrkolebis arsebobam mowyvita amerikis xalxebi msoflio ganviTarebas.
amerikis kontinentze Camoyalibda ori ZiriTadi civilizacia : centraluri amerikis(romelic aerTianebda centarlur da samxreT meqsikas), da samxreT amerikis is nawili romelic andebis mTebiT aris SemosazRvruli.
centraluri amerikis pirveli cnobili civilizacia gaCnda aRmosavleT meqsikaSi da ewoda olmekTa kultura maT ekavaT tropikuli tyeebisa da Waobebis teritoria sadac mdebareobda qalaqis msgavsi centrebi, da borcvian adgilebze Sendeboda taZrebi, es ar iyo namdvili qalaqebi aq xalxi mxolod salocavad modioda, taZrebi aSenebuli iyo xisagan da amitomac ar aris SemorCenilisamagierod arqeologebi icnoben sxvadasxva tipis gravirebas, romlebic Sesrulebulia nefritsa da bazaltze. damaxasiaTebelia mrisxane arsebebis gamoxatva, magaliTad iaguaris arwivisa da zvigenis romelTac adamianis elementebi hqondaT.
Zveli welTaRricxviT 1200 wels aRmocenebuli olmekTa civilizacia gavcelda mTels centralur amerikaSi da wynari okeanis sanapiros gaswvriv, da 400 wlis Semdeg ucnobi mizezebis gamo daeca.
saukuneebis Semdeg daaxloebiT ax.w. 150 wels amerikaSi aSenda pirveli namdvili qalaqi- teotiuakani, romlis nangrvebic aRmoaCines axlandeli mexikosagan 30 milis manZilze, es qalaqi mdebareobda olmekTa dasaxlebis CrdiloeTiT, mexikos xeobaSi. araferia cnobili aq mcxovrebi xalxis Sesaxeb, es iyo piramidebis, sasaxleebisa da taZrebis qalaqi, romelSic iyo paraleluri quCebi, yvelaze didi monumenti iyo mzis piramida , romelic dResac 60 metr simaRles aRwevs,teotiuakani iyo mniSvnelovani savaWro centri da savaraudod wminda qalaqi, misi dangrevis Semdegac acteki imperatorebi aq dadiodnen salocavad, dRemde es qalaqi rCeba gamocanad, radgan ar arsebobs aranairi werilobiTi wyaro misi daarsebis, ganviTarebisa da dacemis Sesaxeb.
bevrad metia cnobili maias civilizaciis Sesaxeb radgan misi warmomadgenlebi iyenebdnen piqtografiebs, maias xalxi cxovrobda axlandeli gvatemalis, belizisa da hondurasis teritoriaze, es miwebi dafaruli iyo tropikuli junglebiT, amitom didi Sroma iyo saWiro imisaTvis rom aq rame gaekeTebinaT, rac maias civilizacia daeca maTi qalaqebi daifara tropikebiT, ramac gaarTula SemdgomSi maTi aRmoCena, aRmoCenili nagebobebis umravlesoba warmoadgenda saceremonio centrebs da ara qalaqebs, Tumca maTi zomebi da sirTule gakvirvebas iwvevs, efeqturi monumentebis asagebad maias xalxi iyenebda qvas, saocari sanaxavia maTi piramidebi taZrebi da samarxebi. .
actekebis civilizaciis paralelurad samxreT amerikaSi iqmneboda inkebis imperia romelic moicavda teritorias Tanamedrove CrdiloeT ekvadoridan centraalur Cilemde, inkebi andebis regionis didi ganviTarebis dasasruls movidnen aq, andebSi mcxovrebi mosaxleoba soflis meurneobas eweoda, amisaTvis isini mTebis safexurebze Wridnen giganturi kibis msgavs terasebs, romlebsac amagrebdnen qvebiT da uzrunvelyofdnen maT sadrenaJo sistemas, wyaroebi mogviTxrobs aseve am xalxis ferad teqstilze,Tixis nakeTobebze, oqros, vercxlisa da sxva liTonebis dekoratiul namuSevrebze. inkebis miwa iTvleboda mmarTveli uzenaesi inkis sakuTrebad romlis xelisuflebac did teritoriaze vrceldeoda, inkebis pirveli miTiuri mmarTveli iyo manko kapaki romelic mzis Svilad iyo miCneuli, inkebs ar hqondaT Camoyalibebuli damwerloba samagierod inkebs ekuTnis informaciis gadacemis Taviseburi sistema e.w. “kvanZuri weris” Seqmna.
inkebis civilizacia gamoirCeoda gansakuTrebuad ganviTarebuli samSeneblo saqmiT amas mowmobs maTi dedaqalaqis kuskosa da qalaq maCu-piCus nangrevebi, aRsaniSnavia aseve uzarmazari qvebisagan agebuli uZvelesi ciklopuri nagebobani . maCu-piCu
1492 wels qristefore kolumbma amerika aRmoaCina, axal miwaze Semovidnen evropelebi ramac katastofuli Sedegebi moutana actekebis, inkebisa da sxva amerikeli xalxebis civilizaciebs.
maias , keCuas, actekebis da inkebis xalxebma didi roli iTamaSes Tanamedrove laTinuri amerikis mosaxleobis CamoyalibebaSi, XX saukunis bolos laTinuri amerikis mosaxleobam 500 milions gadaaWarba mniSvnelovan eTnikur komponents warmoadgenen zangebi, romlebic aq XVI saukunidan arian, kontinentze saSualo simWidrove32 kacia 1 kv.km-ze urbanizaciis done ki 76%-ia, mosaxleobis mxriv qveynebi Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: brazilia-166 ml. kaci, meqsika-101 ml. kaci, kolumbia-40 ml. kaci, argentina 37 ml. kaci, peru-27 ml. kaci, kontinrntis mosaxleobis religiuri struqtura Wrelia, Tumca Warbobs kaTolikeebi,samxreT amerikis mosaxleobis 90% romis katolikuri eklesiis mrevlia, qristianobis es forma aq espanelma da portugalielma dampyroblebma moitanes, amas garda bevri samxreT amerikeli Tayvans scems tradiciul adgilobriv da afrikul RmerTebsa da sulebs, zog tradiciul religiaSi RvTismsaxurebs Samanebs uwodeben da maT magiu Zalasac miaweren. rac Seexeba kontinentis geografiul mdebareobas, laTinuri amerika dedamiwis dasavleT naxevarsferosa da ZiriTadad ki samxreT naxevarsferoSi mdebareobs, samxreT amerikis kontinentis farTobi 17.840.000 kv.km-ia, laTinuri amerikis teritoriaze gamoiyofa Semdegi subregionebi: Sua amerika( aerTebs meqsikas, centralur merikasa da karibis zRvis auzis kunZulovan saxelmwifoebs), andebis qveynebi( venesuela, kolumbia, ekvadori, peru, Bbolivia, Cile), da atlantis okeanispira qveynebi( argentina , urugvai, paragvai, brazilia, gaiana, surinami).xSiad argentinas, paragvais da Ciles moixsenieben rogorc “samxreTis konusis qveynebs”, farTobis mxriv laTinuri amerikis sami udidesi qveyana Semdegnairad gamoiyureba, 1) brazilia-8 ml. kv. km, 2) argentina- 2 ml. kv.km, 3) peru- 1 ml. kv.km.
samxreT amerikaSi bunebis bevri fenomenia, igi yvelaze wyliani da yvelaze mwvane kontinentia, simaRlivi bunebrivi zonebis yvelaze mdidari da mravalferovani speqtriT, amazonis yvelaze vrceli vake dablobiT da yvelaze wyaluxvi mdinariT msoflioSi, ugrZesi mTaTa sistemiT da umaRlesi moqmedi vulkanebiT msoflioSi, yvelaze maRalmTiani didi tbiT da yvelaze maRali CanCqeriT, yvelaze maRalmTiani dasaxlebiT da dedaqalaqiT da a.S. laTinuri amerikis buneba Zalzed mravlferovania, regions dasavleTiT mTeli wynari okeanis sanapiroze gauyveba msoflioSi ugrZesi(9000km) axalgazrda naoWa mTaTa meridianuli sistema andebi, andebis mTaTa sistemis umaRlesi mwvervalia akonkagua- 6960 metri, aq mdebareobs msoflioSi yvelaze maRali moqmedi vulkani-gualiatiri 6060 metri(Cile), mTaTawarmomqmneli procesebi alpebSi dRemde ar dasrulebula razec metyvelebs xSiri miwisZvrebi da vulkanebis amofrqveva, am saSiSroebis miuxedavad andebSi milionobiT maRaroeli, glexi, xelosani da qalaqeli cxovrobs, andebis mwvervalebi TovliTaa dafaruli magram maT kalTebze marcvleuli kargad izrdeba, mTiel glexebs patara nakveatebze simindi yava da sxva marcvleuli kulturebi mohyavT, iq sadac miwa dasamuSaveblad uvargisia, glexebi mTis cxovelebs lamasa da alpacas aSeneben,
. Ciles andebi
la-pasi
andebSi ramdenime didi qalaqia maT Soris kolumbiis dedaqalaqi bogota da boliviis dedaqalaqi la-pasi, qalaqelTa umetesoba qarxnebsa da maRaroebSi Sromobs, mTebSi oqros, spilenZis, kalisa da Zvirfasi qvebis sabadoebia, gansakuTrebiT ki zurmuxtis udidesi sabadoa kolumbiaSi, maRaroelebi zurmuxtis mosapoveblad Tanamedrove manqana-danadgarebs iyeneben.
bogota
laTinur amerikaSi mdebareobs msoflioSi yvelaze didi amazonis dablobi, sadac amazonis tropikuli tyeebia warmodgenili, tyeebi atlantis sanapirodan andebamdea gadaWimuli, es saocari mwvane kedeli fantastikur dekoracias qmnis, palmebi, lianebi, bambukebi, daklaknili da sworReroiani an horizontalurad gawolili xeebi, yoveli asi metris Semdeg axali peizaJi iSleba,amazonis xeebs masiuri Reroebi aqvT da SedarebiT Raribad arian SefoTlili, amazonis tropikuli tye erTgvarad ormag tyes warmoadgens erTi Cveulebrivad miwaze izrdeba- esaaa xeebi, gauvali buCqnarebi, bambukebi, meore miwis zemoTaa. aq warmodgenilia aseve orqideebi isini gamoirCevian yvavilebis mravalferovani elferiT da araCveulebriv surnels afrqveven
amazonis ekvatoruli tyeebi namdvili samoTxea.
amazonis dablobze cxovrobs indielTa tomi Cama romlebic meTevzeobas misdeven da mxolod mdinare ukaialis napirebze cxovroben,isini fizikurad Zlieri dabali tanis xalxia, ikvebebian upiratesad TevziTa da bananiT, Camas tomis xalxma ar icis avadmyofoba da Cveulebriv yovelTvis karg xasiaTze arian, saocaria rom isini yovelTvis mxiaruloben da sul karg xasiaTze arian maSinac ki roca Tavs raime ubedureba atydebaT, maTi sicili ar hgavs Cvensas igi cxenis Wixvins waagavs, Camas tomis qalebi gamoirCevian mxatvruli miwrafebebiT, isini tixisgan Zerwaven saxvadasxva formis qoTnebs da maT rTaven sxvadasxva feris naxatebiT.
Camas xalxi Tvlis rom, adamianebs ar unda hqondeT iseTi mrgvali Tavebi rogoric maimunebs da amitom axladabadebul bavSvebs Tavze win da ukan umagrben ficrebs, romlebic ramdenime Tvis mere abrtyelebs Tavis qalas, aseTi damaxinjebuli Tavi SemdgomSi maTi mflobelis siamayes warmoadgens da matebs maT Rirsebis grZnobas.
Camas tomi am samoTxeSi mcxovrebi erT-erTi mxiaruli saocrebaa.
amazonis dablobi
Aamazonis dablobis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT braziliis mTianeTia, mis samxreTiT ki la-platis dablobi da patagoniis zegania igi msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze naklebad dasaxlebuli regionia,samxreT amerikis kontnentzevea orinokos dablobi da gvianis zegani, rac Seexeba centraluri amerikis da karibis zRvis auzis kunZulebis reliefs igi mozaikuria. patagonia Cile